Imagine that you decided to run an Accountable Car-Care Organization. The government announces that you would no longer be paid on repairs alone, but for keeping cars on the road and out of the garage. You might contract with qualified teams of mechanical providers from oil-change garages for preventive maintenance, tow-truck drivers for emergencies, and specialist mechanics for very technical repairs. Next, you assemble secure, integrated information technology to track the care each automobile receives across providers and assign each license plate number to a vehicle-centered mechanical home. Finally, you determine specific outcomes and standards of practice to keep engines running better. Under ACCO rules, you are ready to start earning performance bonuses. Right?
What is missing?
If I were to be paid based on the health of cars under my care, which stakeholder would I approach first with a win-win business deal?
The driver.
He or she has the most influence on the day-to-day well-being of the car, the regularity of preventive care it receives, management of ongoing problems, and even the likelihood of serious events. Plus, except in the most catastrophic of emergencies, the driver decides if, when, and where to seek care. I’d want to compete for his or her business with clear information about why my services are of higher quality at a lower price, and I would offer discounts for drivers who followed care recommendations. Without driver involvement, why would we think provider accountability can work?
Never mind those patients, let’s rearrange the system (again) without them
Enthusiasm for ACOs, the real Accountable Care Organizations for people, is high (1, 2). Over the past six months, the chorus has become louder. We hear the same song in the background of virtually every conference, business meeting, and health care discussion. It is an anthem on which reform depends: accountable care to the rescue.
In principle, it can help save the system; it promises improved quality for a lower price. No fewer than a dozen people have recited its familiar, hopeful lyrics to me emphatically, with the same refrain: doctors will be paid for better care instead of more care. Costs will go down. They insist that in nine months, hospitals and physicians will sing in harmony as they reap collective rewards for cost-effective care and meet Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) deadlines (3).
With the tune stuck firmly in our heads, one can easily get swept up in the excitement. On two separate occasions, I have returned to original documents from actual legislation, looking for clear definitions to see what I have missed. Certainly, with this much support, there must be a solid blueprint based on financial evidence. If the song is such a hit, maybe I just don’t understand the music?
A detailed review does provide many likeable ideas (4):
• Rewards for better outcomes.
• Shared fees across providers, encouraging communication and coordination.
• Networks of designated, accountable, providers with shared governance.
• A size of population large enough to measure results.
• Information systems that share and exchange data.
• Minimal disruption for patients.
Much remains unknown
Despite its catchy, promising components, a closer look at the legislation fails to answer many questions about why our industry is so convinced that ACOs will transform care or cost. Like so many popular hits playing on top stations, we find out that no one actually knows all the words or who recorded the original version.
Many reviewers have pointed out structural ambiguities in the new model. For example, no one knows exactly how patients will be assigned to an ACO (5). It is also unclear which groups of providers and facilities will constitute the “organization” component of ACOs, and who will manage them (6). Further, the size and method of rewards for better healthcare delivery have yet to be defined (7). Industry experts expect clarification on these and other issues in the coming weeks (8), but I have yet to hear anyone proposing to fix the biggest omission of all: a lack of accountability assigned to the most influential stakeholder.
The greatest omission
Once again, health care policy experts have designed a solution that leaves the most critical, active decision maker unaccountable. As if patients are passive recipients of services, who can have little impact on type of care, cost of care, frequency of care, or management of well-being, patients are assigned only the simple task of (unknowingly) choosing an ACO by visiting their primary care physician. After that, it’s up to the doctor, or the hospital. One of the most comprehensive toolkits regarding ACO implementation and measurement mentions economic incentives for patients in a brief, five-paragraph section out of 159 pages (9).
Some have argued that as much as 85 percent of chronic disease management is accomplished by the patient (10). Very few human diseases or injuries are unrelated to a person’s behaviors, and recovery virtually always requires the individual’s active participation. Consequently, does accountability not fall directly on one’s own shoulders to choose the right sources of care, and follow appropriate steps to prevent illness or avert avoidable events? Why do we continue to ignore our primary disease-management resource, and presume he or she cannot assume some responsibility, both behavioral and financial?
While doctors argue over who should take credit (be rewarded) or be held accountable (receive less) when things go well or poorly, most consumers get the message that this has nothing to do with them. In general, doctors reinforce this message; we have a powerful tradition of disempowering patients.
Patients can and do change health care every day
When consumers have tools and economic incentives to play an active role in care, they do. When given clear information about price and quality, they vote with their feet similar to other industries (11). We are hearing powerful stories of regional markets that have had to adjust because of consumer pressure, such as that created by the employees of Serigraph, Inc. (12).
Many ways to share accountability
We can share accountability with patients in many ways. Examples include:
• Deposits in health accounts for establishing a relationship with a medical home.
• Receiving money back on procedure costs for choosing a higher-quality provider.
• Sharing savings for finding medical billing errors.
• Receiving discounts on services when remaining compliant with care plans.
Within the next few months, the industry will receive additional detail regarding the unclear structures, components, and requirements by which ACOs will be designated. Perhaps these will bring unclear elements into focus, but what has not been mentioned should cause the greatest concern of all. As ACOs prepare to open their “garages” for business, those who have not thought about how to reward their drivers for better vehicle care may see their hypothetical bonuses become taillights in the distance.
References
1. Lassetter, J. K. (2010, November 16). Preparing for accountable care organizations. Retrieved from http://www.himss.org/ASP/ContentRedirector.asp?type=HIMSSNewsItem&ContentId=75106
2. Shugarman, L. (2011, February 10). Achieving person-centered care through accountable care organizations. Retrieved from http://blog.altarum.org/views-opinions-achieving-person-centered-care-through-accountable-care-organizations/
3. Fisher, E., & McClellan, M. (2010, June 24). Next steps for ACO implementation. Retrieved from https://xteam.brookings.edu/bdacoln/Documents/Next%20Steps%20ACOs_Final%20(V2).pdf
4. Fisher, E. S., McClellan, M. B., Bertko, J., Lieberman, S. M., Lee, J. J., Lewis, J. L., et al. (2009, March–April). Fostering accountable health care: Moving forward in Medicare. Health Affairs (Millwood), 28(2), w219–w231. Retrieved from http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/28/2/w219.abstract
5. Sullivan, K. (2010, October). The history and definition of the “accountable care organization.” Retrieved from http://pnhpcalifornia.org/2010/10/the-history-and-definition-of-the-%E2%80%9Caccountable-care-organization%E2%80%9D/
6. Beaulieu, D. (2011, February 2). Who needs to be included in an ACO? Retrieved from http://www.fiercepracticemanagement.com/story/who-needs-be-included-aco/2011-02-02
7. Gold, J. (2011, January 18). Accountable care organizations, explained. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/01/18/132937232/accountable-care-organizations-explained
8. Yin, S. (2011, February 4). Berwick hints at what proposed ACO rule might address. Retrieved from http://www.fiercehealthcare.com/story/berwick-hints-what-proposed-aco-rule-might-address/2011-02-04
9. Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform & the Dartmouth Institute. (2011, January). Toolkit. Retrieved from https://xteam.brookings.edu/bdacoln/Documents/ACO%20Toolkit%20January%202011.pdf
10. Vickery, D. M., & Lynch, W. D. (1995). Demand management: Enabling patients to use medical care appropriately. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 37(5), 551–557.
11. Jossi, F. (1998, April). Money matters: A BHCAG update from the Twin Cities. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0903/is_n4_v16/ai_n27541001/
12. Torinus, J. (2010, September 9). How my company beat rising health care costs. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2010/09/09/health-care-cost-containment-leadership-managing-human-capital-10-employees.html
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